Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Organic Solvents Nicola Pinna, markus niederberger
Content of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Organic Solvents
1 Introduction
1.1 Fascination and Motivation of Nanoparticle Research
1.2 Metal Oxides: Properties and Applications
References
2 Aqueous and Nonaqueous Sol-Gel Chemistry
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Aqueous Sol-Gel Chemistry
2.3 Nonaqueous Sol-Gel Chemistry
2.4 Surfactant-Directed vs. Solvent-Controlled Nonaqueous
Sol-Gel Approaches
References
3 Surfactant-Assisted Synthesis
3.1 Hot-Injection Method
3.2 Heating-Up Method
3.3 Comparison of the Heating-Up and Hot-Injection Method
3.4 Solvothermal Synthesis
3.5 Microwave Technique
3.6 Seed-Mediated Growth
3.7 Self-Assembled Nanoparticles
3.8 Heterostructures/Multicomponent Nanoparticles
3.9 Nonaqueous Processes Using Traces of Water
3.10 Tabular Overview
References
4 Solvent-Controlled Synthesis
4.1 Nanoparticles
4.1.1 Introduction
4.1.2 Experimental Set-up
4.1.3 Reaction of Metal Halides with Alcohols
xi
4.1.4 Reaction of Metal Alkoxides, Acetates and
Acetylacetonates with Alcohols
4.1.5 Reaction of Metal Alkoxides with Aldehydes and
Ketones
4.1.6 Reaction of Metal Acetylacetonates with Amines and
Nitriles
4.1.7 Others
4.1.8 Microwave Technique
4.1.9 Tabular Overview of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
4.2 Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Rare Earth Oxide Based Hybrid Nanoparticles
4.2.3 Tungsten Oxide Based Hybrid Materials
4.2.4 Hybrid Materials Synthesized in Other Solvents
4.3 Nonaqueous Routes Applied to Atomic Layer Deposition
References
5 Reaction Mechanism
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Alkyl Halide Elimination
5.3 Ether Elimination
5.4 Ester and Amide Eliminations
5.5 C-C Bond Formation Between Alkoxy Groups
5.6 Aldol/Ketimine Condensation
5.7 Oxidation of Metals
5.8 Other Mechanisms
5.9 Discussion
References
6 Assembly
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Oriented Attachment and Mesocrystals
6.3 Superlattices
6.4 Mesoporous Materials
References
7 Characterization
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy
7.2.1 The Operation Modes
7.2.2 HRTEM Image Simulations
7.2.3 TEM Studies of Nanostructures by Oriented
Attachment
7.3 Powder X-ray Diffraction
7.4 Combination of a Range of Techniques
7.4.1 Hollandite-Type Vanadium Oxyhydroxide Nanorods
7.4.2 Lanthanide-Based Organic-Inorganic Hybrid
Nanostructures
References
8 Properties and Applications
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Magnetic Properties
8.2.1 Magnetic Metal Oxides
8.2.2 Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors
8.3 Photoluminescent Metal Oxides
8.3.1 Rare Earth-Based Nanostructures
8.3.2 Semiconductor Nanoparticles
8.4 (Photo)catalysis
8.5 Gas Sensing
8.5.1 Introduction
8.5.2 Sensor Devices
8.5.3 Nanoparticles Made in Surfactant-Free Systems
8.5.4 Nanoparticles Made in Surfactant Systems
8.5.5 Sensing Layers Synthesized by ALD
8.6 Biomedical Applications
8.7 Other Applications
References
9 Summary, Conclusion and Outlook
Index
