Fundamentals of Chemistry-Chemistry book for student

Fundamentals of Chemistry

1. Substances and Reactions

• Classifying Substances
• Solids, Liquids and Gases
• Changing state
• Element
• Metals & Non-metals
• Chemical symbols
• Compound
• Mixture
• Physical separation
• Physical and chemical change
• Elements, mixtures or compounds?
• Atomic theory
• Chemical formulae
• Ion
• Naming Compounds

1. Chemical Equations Subatomic Structure Relative Atomic Mass

• Chemical equations
• Atomic Structure
• Fundamental subatomic particles
• Chemical Masses
• Mass spectrometer

1. The Mole

• Introduction
• Why is the mole useful?
• Molecules
• Ionic compounds
• Useful relationships involving the mole
• Mass Percentage composition of elements in compounds
• Empirical formulae of compounds
• Th eoretical yield
• Percentage yield
• Limiting reagent

1. Solutions and Concentrations

• Introduction
• Dissolving
• Concentration
• Changing volume
• Most useful unit of concentration – Molarity
• Equation to learn
• Ionic Solutions
• Diluting Solutions
• The pH scale
• Other units for concentration
• Electromagnetic Radiation and Spectroscopy
• Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Definition of Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR)
• Energy of Light
• Emission Spectra
• Absorption Spectra
• Uses of spectroscopy
• Quantum theory
• Interpreting electronic spectra
• Quantum-Mechanical Model
• Sublevels
• s orbitals
• p orbitals
• d orbitals
• Quantum Numbers
• The Pauli Exclusion Principle
• Electronic Configuration
• The Aufb au Principle
• Summary

1. Electron Confi guration Bonding Redox equations

• Valence Electrons and Bonding
• Valence electrons
• Bonding
• Lewis diagrams
• Single and multiple covalent bonds
• Redox reactions
• Summary

1. Shapes of Molecules

• Exceptions to the octet rule
• Exceptions to the octet rule
• Limitations of Lewis structures
• Shapes of covalent molecules
• Molecules with lone pairs
• Distorted shapes
• Exercise – What shape is an ammonia molecule?
• Non-equivalent positions
• Molecules with lone pairs
• Limitations with Lewis structures
• Metallic bonding
• Ionic and Covalent
• Electronegativity
• Polar bonds
• Intermolecular forces

1. Chemical Bonding and Solid Structures

• Introduction
• Giant metallic structures and their properties
• Giant Ionic structures and their properties
• Molecular structures and their properties
• Simple molecular structures and their properties

1. Trends in the Periodic Table

• Historical trends
• Mendeleev’s table ()
• Modern Periodic Table
• Metals / non-metals
• Physical Properties
• Electronegativity
• Trends across a Period
• Trends down a Group

1. Thermochemistry

• Introduction
• Forms of Energy
• Energy and Chemical Reactions
• Enthalpy, H
• Heat Energy and Chemical Reactions
• Enthalpy and Enthalpy Change
• Endothermic reactions
• Enthalpy and Enthalpy Change
• Th ermochemical equations
• Standard State Enthalpy Changes
• Standard State Enthalpies
• Specifi c heat capacity
• Standard State Enthalpies
• Summary

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